Biology · Kingdom Plantae. The idea in plain words, the rules to remember, the mistake to avoid and a worked example, written and checked by Mega Lecture.
Bryophytes were the first plants on land. They have no xylem or phloem, so they stay small and live in damp places. They still need water for the sperm to swim to the egg, which is why they are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Every plant life cycle shows alternation of generations. A haploid gametophyte makes gametes by mitosis. The diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote and makes spores by meiosis. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the main plant and the sporophyte depends on it. In vascular plants (tracheophytes) the sporophyte is the main plant.
Ferns such as Adiantum have vascular tissue but no seeds.
Spores are made by meiosis but gametes are made by mitosis, because the gametophyte is already haploid. Do not write that plant gametes are formed by meiosis.
Answer: Leafy shoot 10, zygote 20, capsule wall cell 20.
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