Biology · Infection and response. The idea in plain words, the rules to remember, the mistake to avoid and a worked example, written and checked by Mega Lecture.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies made by one clone of cells. Each one binds to only one kind of antigen, so it can be used to find or target one chemical or one type of cell.
To make them, a mouse is injected with the antigen. Its lymphocytes make the antibody but cannot divide. A lymphocyte is fused with a tumour cell to give a hybridoma, which makes the antibody and also divides quickly. The hybridoma is cloned and the antibody is collected and purified.
Plants also get diseases. Signs include stunted growth, spots on leaves, decay, growths, discolouration and visible pests. Plants protect themselves with physical, chemical and mechanical defences.
Swapping the jobs of the two cells. The lymphocyte makes the antibody; the tumour cell gives the ability to divide again and again.
Answer: The glowing areas show where the protein is. The antibody binds to nothing else, so the result is specific.
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