Pakistan Affairs · Muslim rule, British rule and 1857. The idea in plain words, the rules to remember, the mistake to avoid and a worked example, written and checked by Mega Lecture.
Muslim rule arrived in three stages. First, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh in 711 to 712, defeating Raja Dahir. He was sent by Hajjaj bin Yusuf, the Umayyad governor of Iraq.
Second, Turkish rulers came from the north-west. Mahmud of Ghazni raided in the early eleventh century, and Muhammad Ghori's victory at Tarain in 1192 opened northern India. His general Qutbuddin Aibak founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206, which lasted until 1526.
Third, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526 and founded the Mughal Empire. Sher Shah Suri, who ruled from 1540 to 1545, interrupted Mughal rule (Humayun returned in 1555), and his reforms were kept by later rulers.
Students treat Sher Shah Suri as a Mughal emperor. He was an Afghan ruler who drove Humayun out, so his reign is a break in Mughal rule, not part of it.
Answer: Alauddin Khilji's price controls, then Sher Shah Suri's rupee, then Akbar's mansabdari system.
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